Which adverse effect of aerosolized pentamidine requires monitoring during treatment?

Bronchospasm is a significant concern when administering aerosolized pentamidine, as this adverse effect directly affects the respiratory system. Monitoring for bronchospasm is crucial because it can manifest as wheezing, coughing, or difficulty breathing during treatment. The mechanism behind this reaction involves the irritation of the bronchial airways by the aerosolized medication, which can cause constriction of the airways in sensitive individuals.

Patients with underlying respiratory conditions, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), may be particularly susceptible to this effect, making it essential for healthcare providers to observe and assess respiratory status closely during the administration of pentamidine. If bronchospasm occurs, immediate intervention may be necessary, including the use of bronchodilators to alleviate the symptoms.

In contrast, while neurological symptoms, gastrointestinal upset, and cardiac arrhythmias can occur with various medications, they are generally less directly linked to the method of administration—specifically, aerosolized routes—compared to bronchospasm, which is a common and critical consideration during treatment with inhaled therapies. Thus, ensuring patient safety and comfort during aerosolized pentamidine therapy relies heavily on monitoring for signs of bronchospasm.